The conventional current flows from the battery is out from the positive terminal into the negative terminal of the battery. The terminal p.d(potential difference across the battery) is lower than the e.m.f of the battery whenever there is internal resistance. The battery is discharging in this case.
If charging of the battery takes place , the current flows into the positive terminal and out of the negative terminal (in the opposite direction to discharging) . The terminal p.d is higher than the e.m.f of the battery when there is internal resistance.
When will terminal p.d be equal to the e.m.f?
Case 1: No current flow through the battery or
Case 2: No internal resistance .
